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Elisa Sobo

Professor of Anthropology and Director of Undergraduate Research, College of Arts and Letters, San Diego State University
Chapter Member: San Diego SSN
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About Elisa

Sobo is a medical anthropologist specializing in complementary and alternative approaches to health; the challenges such approaches pose to mainstream medicine; and the ways mainstream medicine works with as well as against them. Her present research, however, focuses on AI’s incursion into higher education. Overarching themes in Sobo’s research include: expertise and authoritative knowledge; trust; social belonging; alternatives to dominating explanatory models; stigma; and bias. Sobo's most recent publications concern AI, sound bathing, and vaccination selectivity (both for preventable pediatric diseases and for Covid-19).

Contributions

In the News

Opinion: "What Do Employers Mean by ‘AI Skills,’ Anyway?," Elisa Sobo (with David M. Goldberg), Inside Higher Ed, April 10, 2026.
Opinion: "Faculty are First Responders in Averting an Epidemic of Intellectual Atrophy," Elisa Sobo (with David M. Goldberg and Megan N. Alstot), Inside Higher Ed, December 17, 2025.
Opinion: "Taming Tech’s New Trojan Horse: Higher Education Must Take the Reins of Generative AI," Elisa Sobo (with David M. Goldberg), Science Politics, December 10, 2025.
Research discussed by Anne Goldmann, in "See How San Diego State University is Leading the Way in Higher-Education AI," The Keyword: Google for Education, August 14, 2025.
Quoted by Keri Wiginton in "What are Sound Baths?," Health & Balance Guide, WebMD, July 26, 2025.
Opinion: "“I Don’t Want to Be Taught and Graded by a Robot”: Student-Teacher Relations in the Age of Generative AI," Elisa Sobo (with David Goldberg, Sean Hauze, Abir Mohamed, Colin Ro, and James P. Frazee), Anthropology News, June 18, 2024.
Opinion: "Carefully Applied Generative AI Can Elevate Education for Everyone," Elisa Sobo (with David Goldberg), The San Diego Union-Tribune, October 3, 2024.
Guest on The Faculty Futures Lab at SDSU, October 10, 2023.
Interviewed in "Conspiracy Theories, Social Justice, and Inequality," Culture & Inequality Podcast, June 26, 2022.
Guest on FOX 2 KTVU, July 25, 2021.
Opinion: "US Black and Latino Communities Often Have Low Vaccination Rates – But Blaming Vaccine Hesitancy Misses the Mark," Elisa Sobo (with Diana Schow and Stephanie McClure), The Conversation.
Opinion: "What Does the American Dream Have to do With the COVID-19 Vaccine?," Elisa Sobo, Crisis, Sapiens, February 25, 2021.
Research discussed by Martha Lincoln, in "The Missing Link of Biden’s COVID Strategy: Social Scientists," The Hill, November 23, 2020.
Opinion: "Routine, Back-to-School Vaccinations Double in Value During a Pandemic," Elisa Sobo, Opinion, Times of San Diego, August 12, 2020.
Guest on Sapiens: A Podcast for Everything Human, November 5, 2019.
Opinion: "Worried About Measles? Bashing Alternative Schools Won’t Help," Elisa Sobo, Times of San Diego, September 6, 2019.
Guest on MPR News, April 26, 2019.
Interviewed in "Medical Anthropologist Explores 'Vaccine Hesitancy'," All Things Considered, NPR News, February 13, 2019.

Publications

"Gender and the Algorithmic Future: Post-Conventional Perspectives on Generative AI in Higher Education" (with Sammi Mrowka, Amanda K. Beardsley, and David M. Goldberg). Anthropological Forum (2025): 1-25.

Examines how generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technologies are being integrated into higher education, using the California State University (CSU) system–and particularly San Diego State University (SDSU)–as a case study. Offers concrete recommendations for improving GenAI-related policy, training and survey design to support more effective and inclusive implementation across university settings.

"Cheating or Competing? University Students’ Experience of AI Marketing and What It Means for AI Literacy Programming" (with David M. Goldberg, Sean W. Hauze, and James P. Frazee). Annals of Anthropological Practice (October 2025).

Examines how AI tools are marketed to U.S. college students and how students experience AI promotions. Findings indicated a need for destigmatization, more open student-teacher exchange, and marketing literacy education supporting students in critically analyzing promotional strategies as a regular part of AI hygiene.

"Sound Baths, Trauma Talk, and the Wellness Paradox in the USA" Medical Anthropology 43, no. 5 (2024): 367–382.

Explores how sound bath ritual performances reinforce narratives around trauma and stress while distracting from the structural and cultural factors that contribute to these issues. Emphasizes that this dynamic can promote a trauma-informed self-identity aligned with the American work ethic, prioritize self-care over community care, and ultimately amplify suffering rather than foster resilience.

"Adapting Rapid Ethnographic Research in an Evolving Emergency: Generalizable Lessons in Resilience" (with Emily K. Brunson, Stephanie McClure, Elizabeth Cartwright, Meg Jordan, Stephen B. Thomas, and Monica Schoch-Spana). Annals of Anthropological Practice (2024): 1–18.

Examines the adaptive strategies of the CommuniVax coalition in conducting emergency ethnographic research to enhance COVID-19 vaccine access and uptake. Highlights critical decision points and the necessity for flexibility in community-based research, emphasizing  a bottom-up approach and the trade-offs in decision-making.

The Anthropology of Power, Agency, and Morality (with Victor de Munck). (Manchester University Press, 2022).

Seeks to inspire new generations of anthropologists to revisit Bailey's seminal texts, to help them navigate their way through the ethnographic thicket of their own research.

"Could ChatGPT Prompt a New Golden Age in Higher Education?" Teaching and Learning Anthropology 6, no. 1 (2023).

Discuses the rise of ChatGPT and students' use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI or AI) for school assignments. Suggests ways educators can adapt to chatbot-related challenges, and reframe them as opportunities.

"Addressing COVID-19 Vaccination Equity for Hispanic/Latino Communities by Attending to Aguantarismo: A Californian US–Mexico Border Perspective" (with Griselda Cervantes, Diego A. Ceballos, and Corinne McDaniels-Davidson ). Social Science & Medicine 305 (2022).

Delimits and discusses the cultural value of aguantarismo (agentic forbearance), as expressed among a sample of Hispanic/Latino people living/working in southern San Diego during the initial COVID-19 vaccine roll-out. Highlights aguantarismo's structural context, bypassing culture-blaming. Explories how the enduring need to ‘bear up’ corresponds with low vaccine uptake for some and high uptake for others. Demonstrates how ‘hesitant’ people can choose vaccination; non-vaccinators are not always ‘hesitant’. Underscores the multi-directional utility of cultural values like aguantarismo.

"Cultural Conformity and Cannabis Care in the Wake of Intractable Pediatric Epilepsy" Anthropology and Medicine 28, no. 2 (2021): 205-222 .

Discusses how biomedicine controls seizures for many children with epilepsy – but not all. In such cases, parents struggle in the wake of various structural, cultural, and corporeal ruptures. Continues use of ineffective medications can lead, iatrogenically, to frightening and serious symptoms and debilitations whose effects, along with those of uncontrolled seizures, ripple outward in challenging ways.

"Conspiracy Theories in Political-Economic Context: Lessons From Parents With Vaccine and Other Pharmaceutical Concerns" Journal for Cultural Research 25, no. 1 (2021): 51-68 .

Explains that profit-boosting manipulation and subterfuge are axiomatic to late-stage US capitalism, even in healthcare. Demonstrates how acknowledgments of this can overextend into ‘false beliefs’ using data from Southern Californian parents who vaccinate selectively and those treating intractable pediatric epilepsy with cannabis; and I explore appropriate responses.

"More Than a Teachable Moment: Black Lives Matter" (with Helen Lambert and Corliss D. Heath). Anthropology & Medicine 27, no. 3 (2020): 243-248 .

Discusses the aftermath of George Floyd’s senseless execution on 25 May 2020, in commemoration of and in opposition to countless similar instances of police brutality against unarmed Black Americans and waves of solidarity pulsing through US streets and surged internationally in protests, demonstrations, and vigils. Elaborates on how the Black Lives Matter movement is not soley about George Floyd, but involves all individuals whose lives have been lost by racisim.

"Parent Use of Cannabis for Intractable Pediatric Epilepsy: Everyday Empiricism and the Boundaries of Scientific Medicine" Social Science & Medicine 190 (2017): 190-198.

Explores how parents have begun experimenting with cannabis for their children (and navigating its stigma) with little or no help from authorized experts. Finds that most participants thought highly of mainstream medicine, and took an impressively empirical approach toward developing cannabis regimens for their children.

"What is Herd Immunity, and How Does It Relate to Pediatric Vaccination Uptake? US Parent Perspectives" Social Science & Medicine 165 (2016): 187-195.

Interviews and surveys U.S. parents with at least one child kindergarten age or younger. Finds that very few cared about or understood herd immunity, and that those who had heard of it saw it as not just unnecessary but unproven, illogical, unrealistic, and unreliable. Aims to understand how the public make use of scientific information in relation to parent role expectations and American individualism.

"Information Curation among Vaccine Cautious Parents: Web 2.0, Pinterest Thinking, and Pediatric Vaccination Choice" (with Arianna Huhn, Autumn Sannwald, and Lori Thurman). Medical Anthropology 35, no. 6 (2016): 529-546.

Surveys and interviews 53 U.S. parents with at least one child kindergarten age or younger regarding vaccine decision making, Finds that fully vaccinating parents mostly saw vaccination as routine while, in contrast, selective and non-vaccinating parents exhibited the type of self-informed engagement that the health care system recommends. Highlights that their positions on vaccination were not uniform or unilateral; rather, they were keyed to individual children's biologies, child size, environmental hazards, specific diseases, and discrete vaccines. 

"Anthropologists in the VA: A Generative Force" Annals of Anthropological Practice 37, no. 2 (2014).

Argues that anthropologists employed by the VA are responsible for some of the most important and actionable anthropologically informed health research today. Proposes that VA anthropology is in fact a generative force within anthropology as well as a vital practical pursuit.

"High Physical Activity Levels in a Waldorf School Reflect Alternative Developmental Understandings" Education and Health 31, no. 1 (2013).

Outlines the developmental framework underlying Waldorf education's approach and then describes how teachers put it to use in relation to the call for getting students moving.

"Selling Medical Travel to US Patient-Consumers: The Cultural Appeal of Website Marketing Messages" (with Elizabeth Herlihy and Mary Bicker). Anthropology & Medicine 18, no. 1 (2011): 119-136.

Discusses how more U.S.-based patients than ever are traveling abroad for medical or dental services. Highlights how themes linking healthcare consumerism to culturally specific identity ideals and self-creation/representations processes dominated. Emphasizes that themes relating to the demonstration of social position, savvy expression of good consumer judgment, and achievement of libertarian ideals figured highly.